Background and objectives: Coffee consumption has been linked with favorable kidney outcomes, but whether it is associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) change in the general population remains unclear. We investigated associations of coffee consumption with eGFR change and incident CKD in a large Dutch population-based study.
Design, setting, participants, and measurements: This study was performed in 78,346 participants free of CKD in a prospective population-based cohort study. Coffee consumption (mainly caffeinated and filtered) was assessed at baseline using food frequency questionnaires. Outcomes were annual eGFR change and a composite kidney outcome (incident CKD defined as eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73m2 or >20% eGFR decline). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of coffee consumption (cups/day) with kidney outcomes, adjusted for potential confounders.
Results: Overall, 90% of the participants were daily coffee drinkers and 36% drank >2 to 4 cups/day. During 3.6±0.9 years of follow-up, mean ± SD annual change in eGFR was -2.48 ± 2.72 mL/min per 1.73m2 and 8,735 (11.1%) participants reached the composite kidney outcome. Coffee drinkers had less annual decline in eGFR (β [95%CI]) 0.15 [0.07, 0.22] mL/min per 1.73m2 for >0-2 cups, 0.19 [0.11, 0.26] for >2-4 cups, 0.24 [0.16, 0.32] for >4-6 cups, and 0.29 [0.20, 0.38] for >6 cups, as compared with non-coffee drinkers. One cup increment of coffee consumption was associated with 0.03 mL/min per 1.73m2 less annual eGFR decline (β [95%CI], 0.03 [0.02, 0.04], P<0.001). A dose-response was also observed for the composite kidney outcome per cup increment of coffee consumption (OR [95%CI], 0.97 [0.96, 0.99], P<0.001).
Conclusions: Coffee consumption was inversely associated with annual eGFR change and composite kidney outcome in a dose-response manner in this large prospective population-based cohort.
Key words: coffee; chronic kidney disease; eGFR; dose-response