How do trait self-control and discounting relate to each other and to modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Abstract
Purpose: This study examines how different trait self-control constructs and discounting relate to each other and to modifi
able behavioral and cardiometabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data from 8453 adults (18–65 years) 
participating in the Lifelines Cohort and the LIFESTYLE Study were analyzed. Participants self-reported on trait self
control constructs (Brief Self-Control Scale Short-form, Grit Scale Short-form, Delaying Gratification Inventory Short
form, Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale, Risk Propensity Scale), delay discounting (exponential discounting and present 
bias parameters of the quasi-hyperbolic discount model elicited using choice lists), probability discounting (risk premium 
elicited using a certainty equivalent task), physical activity, sedentary behavior, fat and sugar intake, and sleep duration. 
Body mass index, waist–hip ratio, and pulse pressure were measured during a Lifelines clinic visit. Results: Measures of 
trait self-control constructs showed moderate correlations with each other, and very weak correlations with discounting 
measures. Discounting measures correlated (very) weakly with each other. Regression analyses showed that the Brief 
Self-Control Scale Short-form, Grit Scale Short-form, and Delaying Gratification Inventory Short-form were significantly 
associated with all of studied outcomes in the expected direction—higher self-control linked to better health outcomes. 
Other trait self-control construct and discounting measures demonstrated weaker associations. Allowing measures to group 
into factors did not improve predictive power. Conclusion: Trait self-control constructs and discounting are very weakly 
to moderately related, suggesting they represent distinct facets of a broader construct. Certain trait self-control constructs 
are important predictors of CVD risk, highlighting potential targets for interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular 
health.
Keywords Trait self-control constructs · Delay discounting · Probability discounting · Behavioral risk · Cardiometabolic risk · Cardiovascular health